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Integrated Ground Water Resources Mapping in Gurgaon District, (Haryana)
India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
B. V. M. Rao Toleti, B. S. Chaudhary, K. E. Mothi Kumar, G. P. Saroha,
Manoj Yadav, Ajeet Singh, M. P. Sharma, A. C. Pandey and P. K. Singh
Scientists, Haryana State Remote Sensing Application Centre
(Deptt. of Sci. & Tech., Govt. of Haryana)
CCS HAU Campus, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, India
Phone (01662) 31045-47, 32632; Fax 25958
Email: harsac@vsnl.net.in
Key Words :
Hydrogeomorphology, Ground Water Resources, Integration, Remote Sensing,
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Abstract :
This paper mainly deals with the preparation of Integrated Ground Water
Resource (IGWR) map indicating ground water prospects, quality and depth.
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1C) geocoded false colour composites
of Gurgaon district have been used for preparation of
hydrogeomorphological map. The northern part of the district is occupied
with quaternary alluvium and southern and south eastern part is occupied
by precambrian metasediments of Delhi systems. The land form of this
district is formed by fluvial, structural and denudational origins. The
main hydrogeomorphic units mapped are alluvial plain, alluvial plain with
sand cover, valley fills, interrmontane valley/basin, structural hills,
residual hills, buried pediments, linear ridges along with lineaments.
Each geomorphic unit is assessed for probable ground water potentiality.
Depth to water table and well location data has been collected form Ground
Water Cell, Department of Agriculture, Haryana. The prepared
hydrogeomorphology, ground water quality and depth maps have been
digitized in Arc/Info GIS environment. In order to provide more useful
information on ground water resources, the authors have developed a
methodology on integrated ground water resource map on 1:50,000 scale
using remote sensing and conventional data in GIS environment. The IGWR
map thus prepared gives information on ground water potential, quality and
depth to water level at any given location. This information is very
useful in narrowing down the target areas for siting bore wells. This will
result in significant saving of time and cost.
1. Introduction
Water is the most vital requirement for mankind. Ground water constitutes
a major portion of the earths water circulatory system known as hydrologic
cycle. Ground water occurs in permeable geologic formation known as
aquifer, i.e. formation having structure that can store and transmit water
at rates fast enough to supply reasonable amounts to wells. In recent
years much progress has been made in the application of remote sensing
techniques to ground water. Exploration procedures can ideally adopt
remote sensing as the first step to be followed by field geological
studies, geophysical prospecting and test drilling. This helps in
concentrating the field efforts in areas where greater potential exists
and eliminating other zones, thus reducing the cost and time involved in
exploration procedures. The advent of Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) has added new vistas in the field of ground water resources mapping
and management. It helps in the integrating remotely sensed derived data
with ancillary data to have more precise and correct information about
various factors involved in the ground water resources management. Studies
are being targeted in this direction by many authors (Prakash 1993, Roy &
Ray 1993, Chaudhary et al 1996 and Ravindran & Jeyram 1997). Present study
emphasize on getting the information on ground water prospects, depth and
quality from the prepared IGWR map.
2. Objectives
* To prepare hydrogeomorphological maps on 1:50,0000 scale using satellite
data.
* To delineate ground water potential zones by assessing the
hydrogeomorphic units on 1:50,000 scale.
* Preparation of integrated ground water resources map derived from
hydrogeomorphology, ground water quality and depth to water level maps.
3. Study Area
3.1 Location and Extent
The Gurgaon district is one of the southern districts of Haryana. The
district lies between 270 39' to 280 32' North latitude and 760 39' to 770
20' East longitude. On its north are the district of Rohtak and the Union
territory of Delhi, on its east Faridabad district. Its south the district
shares boundary with the state of UP and Rajasthan. On its west lies the
district of Rewari and the state of Rajasthan. The total area of the
district is 2716 sq. kms. Gurgaon town is situated only 32 kms south west
of New Delhi, the capital city of India. The district has sub-tropical,
continental monsoon climate. The normal annual rain fall in the district
is 553 mm. Temperature starts rising in March. The mean daily maximum
temperature is about 41o C in the months of May and June.
3.2 Physiography and Drainage
The district comprises of hills on the one hand and depressions on the
other, forming irregular and diverse nature of topography. Two ridges:
Firojpur Jhirka - Delhi ridge forms the western boundary and Delhi ridge
forms the eastern boundary of the district. These hills are northern
continuation of Aravalli hills. The northwestern part of the district is
covered with sand dunes lying in the westerly direction due to south
western winds. The extension of the Aravalli hills and the presence of
sand dunes collectively form the diverse physiography of the district. The
drainage of the district are typical of arid and semiarid areas. It
comprises of large depressions and seasonal streams. Important depressions
of the district are Khalilpur lake, Chandani lake, Sangel - Ujhina lake,
Kotla dhar lake and Najafgarh lake. Sahibi and Indrani are two important
seasonal streams of the district.
3.3 Geology and Soils
Gurgaon district is occupied by quaternary alluvium and precambrian
meta-sediments of Delhi System. The geological formations of Gurgaon
district have been extensively studied by R. Chakrapani (1981). Delhi
super group is represented by Alwar quartizites, mica schists and
pegmatite intrusives of the Alwar series and slates of phyllites and
quartzites of the subrecent alluvium and sand dunes. Stratigraphic
succession of the area is given in table 1. The soils are sand to loamy
sand in sandy plain areas. Sandy loam to clay loam/silty clay loam in
alluvial plains, loam sand to loam, calcareous in salt affected plains;
silty loam to loam in low lands and loamy sand to loam, calcareous in
hills. Taxonomically these soils may be classified as Typic Ustipsamments,
Typic Ustorthents, Typic/Udic/Aquic Ustochrepts, Typic Haplaquepts and
skeletal/Lithic Ustorthents
4. Database
4.1 Remote Sensing Data:
IRS-1C geocoded standard False Color Composite (FCC), a combination of
three spectral bands 2,3 and 4 on 1:50,000 scale have been used in the
above study. IRS 1C path row 95/51, 96/50 and 96/51 covers the study area.
March/ October 1996 data have been used in the above study.
4.2 Survey of India (SOI) toposheets
The following toposheets on 1:50,000 scale are used in the preparation of
base maps onto which the interpretation details are transferred. The
district is covered by 12 toposheets numbered- 53D/11, 14, 15, 16; 53H/2,
3, 5; 54A/13, 14 and 54E/1, 2, 5.
4.3 Ancillary Data
The meteorological data, Statistical abstracts, Census handbook, available
ground water literature etc. Ground water depth and quality data have been
collected from Ground Water Cell, Agriculture Department, Govt. of
Haryana.
5. Methodology
The water on the surface which has a bearing on ground water circulation
under ground can be distinguished in the near infrared region owing to low
reflection of water. Synoptic view, repetitive coverage and capability to
view the scene in several spectral bands, some lying beyond the visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum, are some of the special
characteristics that have made remote sensing an effective tool in ground
water search. The clue to ground water search is the basis that subsurface
geologic elements forming aquifers have almost invariably surface
expressions which can be discerned by remote sensing techniques. Visual
interpretation of IRS 1C LISS-III FCC has been carried out by taking in to
consideration various image and terrain elements by using a light table.
Significant hydrogeomorphic units have been demarcated based on tone,
texture, shape, size, pattern, association, etc. Delineation of all linear
features have been carried out and with available information,
classification of these linear features in to fractures, faults, shear
zones, straight lithocontacts has been attempted. Delineation of
hydrogeomorphologically significant land forms like valley fills, alluvial
fans, piedmont zones, alluvial plains, braided channels, abandoned
channels, palaeochannels, flood plain etc. has been carried out in the
area covered by unconsolidated sediments. All the delineated
hydrogeomorphic landforms are suffixed with lithology type i.e. RD(q)
Residual hills quartzitic. Interpreted maps have been modified by taking
into consideration the ground observations. Hydrogeomorphological maps
thus prepared has been digitized in Arc/ Info GIS Version 7.1. Ground
water depth and quality data have also been digitized . After digitisation,
error removal and attributation, groundwater prospects and quality maps
have been integrated to prepare ground water prospective zones map. The
digitized ground water depth map has been draped on this integrated map
thus resulting in to IGWR Map.
6. Results and Discussion
The details of various geomorphic units and their ground water bearing
prospects are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Ground water prospects of various
geomorphic units
| Geomorphic Units |
|
Water Prospects |
Fluvial origin
Alluvial Plain |
Gently undulating plains consisting of clay, silt,
fine to coarse sand of varying lithology with extensive |
Excellent |
| Alluvial Plain with Sand cover |
Undulating plains comprising sand, silt and clay.
Sand is dominant but stabilized. |
Good |
| Palaeo Channel/Abonded channel |
Channels which are cut off from main course of the
river which are buried or abonded. Comprises of fluvial deposits.
(sand, silt and clay particles) |
Very Good |
| Denudational origin Pediment |
Occurring near to structural hills gently slopping
area comprising colluvial material and medium to fine grained sand and
silt This unit has higher thickness near ridges and laterally merge
with alluvial plain. |
Moderate to good |
| Intermontane Valley/Basin |
Depression between mountains, formed as broad basin
consisting of colluvial deposits covered with alluvium. |
Excellent |
| Valley Fill |
Unconsolidated material coarse to fine sand, silt
and clay. |
Good |
| Residual hills |
Isolated low relief hill formed due to differential
weathering consisting of metasediments. |
Poor |
| Structural origin Structural Hills |
Structurally controlled steep sides hills
associated with folds, faults, fractures and joints these are meta
sediments of Delhi super group |
Poor to Moderate (moderate along fault planes)
|
| Linear Ridges |
Long narrow low lying linear to arcuate hills
rising from alluvial plains acting as barriers of ground water flow.
|
Poor |
Ground water quality map has three categories i.e. good ( EC varies from
0-2000 micro Mhos); moderate ( EC varies from 2000 - 4000 micro Mhos) and
poor (EC > 4000 micro Mhos). The digitized Quality map has been integrated
with ground water prospects map and an integrated map has been prepared.
The integrated map has eight categories. Table 2 (on next page) shows
different categories and the area covered by these units.
The IGWR map prepared after the integration of this map with the ground
water quality map and draping of depth to water level information various
zones have been identified which are shown in Figure 1.
Table 2 Area under various units
| Sr. no. |
Units Prospects (Quality) |
Area (sq. kms.) |
% of the total area |
| 1 |
Excellent (Good quality) |
965.77 |
35.56 |
| 2 |
Good (Good quality) |
190.18 |
7 |
| 3 |
Moderate (Good quality) |
104.77 |
3.89 |
| 4 |
Poor (Good quality) |
44.88 |
1.65 |
| 5 |
Excellent (Moderate quality) |
217.3 |
8 |
| 6 |
Good (Moderate quality) |
78.1 |
2.92 |
| 7 |
Moderate (Moderate quality) |
9.64 |
0.35 |
| 8 |
Excellent /Good/Moderate/ Poor ( Poor quality)
|
1,105.36 |
40.63 |
| |
Total |
2,716 |
100 |
7. Advantages
The main advantages in using remote sensing and GIS techniques for ground
water exploration are : Quick and inexpensive technique for getting
information on the occurrence of ground water, aids to select promising
areas for further ground water exploration thus reducing field work and
provides information on prospects, depth and quality in one map. This type
of information is very helpful in the areas where more emphasis is on
ground water for the irrigation and drinking purposes such as southern
part of Haryana.
8. Conclusion
Use of Remote Sensing and GIS technology is very useful for the
preparation of ground water prospective areas mapping & management plan on
a scientific basis. The information generated on prospects, quality and
depth in a single map will help the planners and decision makers for
devising sound and feasible ground water development plans.
9. Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Dr. S. Mohan Chief Scientist, Haryana State Remote
Sensing Application Centre (HARSAC), Hisar for giving ideas and making
corrections in the final version of the paper. It has improved a lot due
to his constructive criticism and valuable suggestions.
10. Selected Bibliography
* Chakrapany, R.A.1981. Hydrogeology of Gurgaon District, Haryana, Central
Ground Water Board, Ministry of Irrigation, Govt. of India, pp. 43 - 51.
* Chaudhary, B. S.; Kumar, M.; Roy, A.K. and Ruhal D.S. 1996. Application
of Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems in Ground water
Investigations in Sohna block, Gurgaon District, Haryana (India). In:
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Vienna, Vol.
XXXI, Part B6, pp.18-23.
* Prakash, S.R. 1993. Identification of ground water prospective zones by
using remote sensing and geo-electrical methods in and around Saidnagar
area, Dakar Block, Jalaun district, U.P., Indian Society of Remote Sensing
21(4): 217-227.
* Ravindran, K.V. and Jeyram A.,1997. Ground water prospects of Shahbad
tehsil, Baran district and Eastern Rajasthan: A remote sensing approach.
Indian Society of Remote Sensing 25(4): 239-246.
* Roy, A.K.; and Ray P.K.C., 1993. Ground water investigation using remote
sensing and GIS techniques- A case study in Manabazar-II, Purulia (W.B.).
Proceedings National Symposium of North-Eastern region, Guwahati, India
pp. 180-184.
* District Gazetteer, 1991, District Gurgaon, Haryana.
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/2000/ts2/water0002pf.htm
posted on this site on 6/8/05
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